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容器：某一类型数据的集合。
C++标准顺序容器包括：vector，list，queue
容器初始化
vector t; for (int i = 0; i < 50; i ++) { t.push_back(i); } vector c; // 空容器 vector c1(t); // 容器t的副本 vector c2(3, 4); // 3个值为4的容器 vector c3(t.begin(), t.end() - 10); // 容器t的begin()和end()-10之前的数据副本 vector c4(5); // 创建包含5个空默认值的副本 容器类型的规则：支持复制和赋值操作
容器的迭代访问
窗口的迭代访问非常类似指针的操作，都支持++和--的位移操作，迭代器内置了操作符重载。
*itemitem->num++itemitem++--itemitem--iter1 == iter2iter1 != iter2
迭代器访问
for (vector::iterator iter = strs2.begin(); iter != strs2.end(); iter ++) { std::cout << *iter << std::endl; }
迭代器的首元素迭代器和尾元素迭代器可以通过begin()和end()方法获取，并通过++方法进行迭代。
迭代器操作的API：
Iterators:
- Return iterator to beginning (public member function )
- Return iterator to end (public member function )
- Return reverse iterator to reverse beginning (public member function)
- Return reverse iterator to reverse end (public member function) 容器的元素类型
Member types
- of template <class T, class Allocator=allocator<T> > class vector;
| member type | definition |
|---|---|
| reference | Allocator::reference |
| const_reference | Allocator::const_reference |
| iterator | Random access iterator |
| const_iterator | Constant random access iterator |
| size_type | Unsigned integral type (usually same as ) |
| difference_type | Signed integral type (usually same as ) |
| value_type | T |
| allocator_type | Allocator |
| pointer | Allocator::pointer |
| const_pointer | Allocator::const_pointer |
| reverse_iterator | reverse_iterator<iterator> |
| const_reverse_iterator | reverse_iterator<const_iterator> |
- 通过reverse类型属性，可以逆序访问容器的迭代器
增加和删除元素
容器的API提供在具体什么位置增加或者删除元素，或者在什么元素增加或者删除元素：
Modifiers:
- Assign vector content (public member function)
- Add element at the end (public member function)
- Delete last element (public member function)
- Insert elements (public member function)
- Erase elements (public member function )
- Swap content (public member function )
- Clear content (public member function)
容器大小
Capacity:
- Return size (public member function)
- Return maximum size (public member function )
- Change size (public member function)
- Return size of allocated storage capacity (public member function)
- Test whether vector is empty (public member function)
- Request a change in capacity (public member function)
关联容器
C++中的关联容器包括 map 和 set
map与key, value相对应，整合起来map与pair类型对应
set 直接与 value相对应
同时存在multimap和multiset两个对象，支持一个key对应多个value
具体可以参考：
C++的容器算法
最常见的是find方法，C++中的示例：
// 包含必要的头文件
#include <algorithm>
vector vec(2, 35);vec.push_back(8);vec.push_back(80);vec.push_back(98);vec.push_back(25);vec.push_back(12);vector ::const_iterator result = find(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 80);std::cout << 80 << (result == vec.end() ? " is not present" : " is present") << std::endl;
除了少数情况下，C++的容器算法都是在一个范围内的元素进行操作。所以其参数顺序情况一般为：iter_begin, iter_end, search_value。
C++容器使用的算法与数据结构书中大致相同：
1. 只读算法（查找）
2. 写算法（排序）
3. 合并
4. 堆
5. 最大/最小值等
常用只读算法：
....
实践了fill, fill_n, back_inserter, copy, replace, sort, count_if
#include#include #include #include #include using namespace std;void log(std::string log) { std::cout << log << std::endl;}void apiTest() {}int main(){ vector vec(2, 10); vec.push_back(3); vec.push_back(4); vec.push_back(15); vec.push_back(45); vec.push_back(24); vec.push_back(234); fill(vec.begin() + 1, vec.end() - 2,3); fill_n(back_inserter(vec), 10, 2); replace(vec.end() - 5, vec.end(), 2, 8); vector ::const_iterator iter = vec.begin(); for (;iter != vec.end();iter++) { std::cout << *iter << std::endl; } vector vec2; copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), back_inserter(vec2)); return 0;}
输出结果：
关于容器算法相关一章可参考：